STEPS CARRIED OUT IN RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

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Steps to be carried out in a typical research study are as follows:

1. Defining the research problem:
   This is the first and the most critical step of the research journey.
2. Formulating the research hypotheses:
   The reason is that every research study might not always begin with a hypothesis; in fact, the task of the study might be to collect detailed data that might lead to indicative hypotheses to be tested in subsequent research. For example, while studying the lifestyle and eating-out behavior of consumers at Pizza Hut, one may find that the young student group consumes more pizzas.
3. Developing the research proposal:
   Once the management dilemma has been converted into a defined problem and a working hypothesis, the next step is to develop a plan of investigation. This is called the research proposal.
4. Research design formulation:
   Based on the orientation of the research, i.e., exploratory, descriptive or causal, the researcher has a number of techniques for addressing the stated objectives.
5. Sampling design:
   It is not always possible to study the entire population. Thus, one goes about studying a small and representative sub-group of the population. This sub-group is referred to as the sample of the study.
6. Planning and collecting the data for research Data collection plan helps in obtaining information from the specified population. The data collection methods may be classified into secondary and primary data methods.
7. Data refining and preparation for analysis:
   Once the data is collected, it must be refined and processed in order to answer the research question(s) and test the formulated hypotheses (if any). This stage requires editing of the data for any omissions and irregularities.
8. Data analysis and interpretation of findings:
   This stage requires selecting the analytical tools for testing the obtained information. There are a number of statistical techniques available to the researcher—frequency analysis, percentages, arithmetic mean, t-test and chi square analysis.
9. The research report and implications for the manager’s dilemma:
   The report preparation, from the problem formulation to the interpretation, is the final part of the research process.